Finding Wolbachia in Filarial larvae and Culicidae Mosquitoes in Upper Egypt Governorate

Wolbachia is an obligatory intracellular endosymbiotic bacterium, present in over 20% of all insects altering insect reproductive capabilities and in a wide range of filarial worms which is essential for worm survival and reproduction. In Egypt, no available data were found about Wolbachia searching for it in either mosquitoes or filarial worms. Thus, we aimed to identify the possible concurrent presence of Wolbachia within different mosquitoes and filarial parasites, in Assiut Governorate, Egypt using multiplex PCR. Initially, 6 pools were detected positive for Wolbachia by single PCR. The simultaneous detection of Wolbachia and filarial parasites (Wuchereria bancrofti, Dirofilaria immitis, and Dirofilaria repens) by multiplex PCR was spotted in 5 out of 6 pools, with an overall estimated rate of infection (ERI) of 0.24%. Unexpectedly, the highest ERI (0.53%) was for Anopheles pharoensis with related Wolbachia and W. bancrofti, followed by Aedes (0.42%) and Culex (0.26%). We also observed that Wolbachia altered Culex spp. as a primary vector for W. bancrofti to be replaced by Anopheles sp. Wolbachia within filaria-infected mosquitoes in our locality gives a hope to use bacteria as a new control trend simultaneously targeting the vector and filarial parasites.

Role of trichinella spiralis adult and larval antigen in immunomodulation of nitric oxide [NO] expression in intestinal and muscular phase of trichinellosis

Nitric oxide [NO] mediates regulatory events that play key roles in cellular function. NO is produced through the action of nitric oxide synthase [iNOS] it is considered to be the main factor able to kill or at least to suppress various pathogens, including intracellular parasites as Plasmodium, Leishmania major, Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of. spiralis Adult Antigen [TAA] and Larval Antigen [TLA] on the expression of iNOS in both phases of infection at different postinfection intervals using specific anti-iNOS antibody. Immunohistochemistry was performed among muscle and intestinal parts excised from three groups of laboratory mice [along with control groups] at different post infection intervals: Group 1, [G[1]]: T. Spiralis infected mice and none immunized, Group 2, [G[2]]: T. spiralis infected mice and immunized with [TLA] and Group 3, [G[3]]: T spiralis infected mice and immunized with [TAA]. NO synthase immunoreactivity was detected by using peroxidase-labelled streptavidin-biotin technique and the CD3 activity [anti T-cells] was detected using Clone FC3/188A Ab The study results showed that Trichinella antigen [TLA and TAA] had modulated the expression of NO in each phase of infection. TLA was more potent than TAA in activation of NO during the muscular phase and decreasing its activity during the intestinal phase. By the inverse effect of these antigens on [NO], the integrity of the intestinal and muscular tissues had been maintained

Comparative study between non lethal and lethal strains of Plasmodium yoelii with reference to its immunological aspect

Innate immunity has an important role in the protection against malaria. To clarify the effect on non lethal and lethal strain of Plasmodium yoelii, comparison between two groups of C57BL/6 mice infected with 10[4] parasitized RBCs was performed. Liver and spleen mononuclear cells were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry. The parasite appeared in blood on day 3 in both strains, with non lethal infection parasitemia reached a peak of 60% on day 14 and mice completely recovered, while in lethal infection parasitemia was 80% on day 7 and mice succumbed to death. In non lethal strain, mice became anemic and the hematocrit percentage returned to its normal value during recovery, while in the lethal strain mice were severely anemic before death. The major expanding cells were found to be TCR Intermediate [TCR[int]] cells, mainly NK1.1 subset, these TCR[int] cells were distinguished from conventional T cells of thymic origin. CD4[-] and CD8[-] cells increased in both strains. During malarial infection, the population of conventional T cells did not increase and usually associated with thymic atrophy. The present results showed that TCR[int] cells were intimately associated with the protection against malarial infection in both non lethal and lethal strains but the mice died in lethal infection due to the massive destruction of red blood cells leading to fatal anemia

Coproantigen versus EGG antigen in immunodiagnosis of intestinal capillariasis using Western Blot Technique

Capillaria philippinensis is a zoonotic nematode that causes severe diarrheal syndromes in humans. C. philippinensis coproantigen and egg antigen were fractionated using SDS-PAGE. Several protein bands were detected in both antigens. Protein profile of coproantigen of C. philippinensis infected patient included wide range of bands ranging from 10- 180 kD. Protein profile of egg antigen revealed only few bands detected at 10, 34- 36.5, and 148 kD. Using Western blot, a variety of protein bands were recognized by the infected patient serum. When tested against coproantigen, it detected a wide range of antigenic proteins at different molecular weight [10, 14, 34-36.5, 48, 54, 62, 66, 86, 94, and 148 kD respectively]. None of these bands were detected in normal human feces. When tested against egg antigen, the infected patient serum detected only two faint antigenic bands at 62 and 66 kD. It is concluded that coproantigen was more convenient than egg antigen in diagnosis of capillariasis by WB